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Spektrofotometer Benchtop

Pengguna manual

berlaku LISUN models: DSCD-950P

1. Pemahaman Dasar tentang Peralatan

1.1 Key Parameters

Parameter Teknis Note
Lighting/Light-Receiving System Reflectance: d/8 (diffuse illumination, 8° reception angle); Transmittance: d/0 (diffuse illumination, vertical reception angle); SCI (including specular reflection) and SCE (excluding specular reflection) are measured simultaneously. Complies with standards: CIE No. 15, GB/T 3978, GB 2893, GB/T 18833, ISO 7724-1, DIN 5033 Part 7, JIS Z8722 Condition C, ASTM E1164, ASTM-D1003-07
Sensor Array Fotodioda Silikon
Method of Spectral Separation Kisi cekung
Mengintegrasikan Diameter Bola 152 mm
Rentang Panjang Gelombang Pengukuran 360 nm–780 nm
Measuring Wavelength Intervals 10 nm
Half-wave width 5 nm
Rentang Pengukuran Reflektansi 0–200%, resolution 0.01%
Sumber Pencahayaan Pulsed Xenon Lamps and LEDs
Ultraviolet Measurement Includes UV, 400 nm cut-off, 420 nm cut-off, and 460 nm cut-off
Waktu pengukuran SCI or SCE mode: <2 seconds; simultaneous SCI+SCE measurement: <4 seconds
Illumination/Measurement Aperture Reflection: Φ30 mm, Φ18 mm, Φ11 mm, Φ6 mm; users bisa customize the aperture size, and the system automatically detects aperture changes. Transmission
: Φ25mm
Transmission Measurement Specifications Sample width and height: No restrictions; thickness: ≤50 mm
Pengulangan XLAV Spectral Reflectance/Transmittance: Standard deviation within 0.1%
XLAV Colorimetric Values: Standard deviation ΔE*ab within 0.015 (after instrument calibration, 30 measurements of a white calibration plate taken at 10-second intervals)
Perbedaan antar platform XLAV ΔE*ab 0.15 (based on the average value measured on the BCRA Series 12 color chart at 23°C)
Standard Observer 2° standard observer and 10° standard observer
Observing the Light Source A, C, D50, D55, D65, D75, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12, CWF, U30, DLF, NBF, NBF, TL83, TL84, TLXNUMX
Bahasa Simplified Chinese, English, Traditional Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Thai, Korean, German, French, Polish, Indonesian
Konten Tampilan Spectral data, spectral graphs, chromaticity data, color difference data, color difference graphs, pass/fail determination, simulated colors, color evaluation, haze, liquid color, color bias
Ruang warna L*a*b, L*C*h, Lab Pemburu, Yxy, XYZ
Chromaticity Parameters WI (ASTM E313-00, ASTM E313-73, CIE/ISO, AATCC, Hunter, Taube, Berger Stensby), YI (ASTM D1925, ASTM E313-00, ASTM E313-73), Tint (ASTM E313-00), Metamerism Index (Milm), Color Fastness to Rubbing, Color Fastness to Light, ISO Brightness, R457, A Density, T Density, E Density, M Density, APHA/Hazen/Pt-Co (Platinum-Cobalt Index), Gardner (Gardner Index), Saybolt (Saybolt Index), ASTM Color, Haze, Total Transmittance, Hiding Power, Consistency, Strength
Formula Perbedaan Warna ΔE*ab, ΔE*CH, ΔE*uv, ΔE*cmc, ΔE*94, ΔE*00, ΔEab (Hunter), 555 hue classification
Ruang penyimpanan 8GB
Ukuran Layar Layar Sentuh Kapasitif 7 inci
Sistem operasi Android
Sumber Daya listrik 12V / 3A
Suhu dan Kelembaban Operasi 5–40°C, relative humidity 80% or less (at 35°C), with no condensation
Suhu dan Kelembaban Penyimpanan  -20 to 45°C, relative humidity of 80% or less (at 35°C), with no condensation
Lampiran - HCS Power adapter, data cable, transmission fixture, black chamber, white plate, green plate, 30 mm aperture plate, 18 mm aperture plate, 11 mm aperture plate, 6 mm aperture plate, cuvette
Opsional Aksesoris Heated transmission fixture (including control circuit), vertical stand, pneumatic push rods (including control circuitry), small sample clamping accessories, reflectance cuvette holder, corrosion-resistant protective plate (non-removable), fiber test kit, film fixture, micro-transmission fixture, rolling case, European-standard plug, U. S.-standard plug
Antarmuka RS232, USB-A, USB-B
Volume Length, Width, Height: 465 × 240 × 260 mm
Berat 10.8 kg
Lainnya 1. Camera framing
and positioning 2. The instrument can measure from the side, upward, or downward (using accessories)
3 . Automatic temperature and humidity compensation

1.2 Unboxing and Checking the Accessories

1.2.1 Membongkar

When unpacking the device, handle it gently to avoid scratching the outer casing with sharp tools. After unpacking, first inspect the exterior of the device to ensure there is no visible deformation or dents, and that the buttons are not damaged or loose. If you notice any abnormalities with the device or its accessories, please contact us immediately.

1.2.2 Mengunduh Dokumen Elektronik

Download links for the electronic user manual, software, calibration certificate, warranty card, and other materials have been sent via email. Please download them as soon as possible. If you missed the email, please feel free to contact us to request the download links again.

2. Tindakan Pencegahan untuk Penggunaan

2.1 Precautions Before Operation

2.1.1 Mempersiapkan Lingkungan

Before taking a measurement, allow the device and the sample to rest in the same environment for at least 30 minutes to ensure that their temperatures are the same. The measurement environment must be free from direct strong light and stray light interference; avoid operating the device in environments with high temperatures, high humidity, or excessive dust.

2.1.2 Persiapan Sampel

The surface of the sample being tested must be flat, clean, free of stains, and free of scratches. If the sample is a powder or liquid, it must be placed in a dedicated cuvette to ensure that the sample surface completely covers the measurement aperture without any gaps; Select an appropriate measurement aperture based on the shape of the sample. Ensure that the measurement end fits snugly against the sample’s measurement area to prevent light leakage.

2.2 Tindakan Pencegahan untuk Penggunaan

2.2.1 Spesifikasi Operasi Fungsional

Jangan paksa mematikan perangkat atau mencabut kabel USB selama proses pengujian mandiri, kalibrasi, atau pengukuran perangkat. Saat mengganti parameter pengukuran, tunggu hingga tampilan selesai memuat sebelum melanjutkan ke langkah berikutnya. Jika Anda perlu mengekspor data pengukuran yang tersimpan, pastikan koneksi telah terjalin sebelum mematikan perangkat untuk mencegah kehilangan data.

2.2.2 Kontraindikasi Penggunaan Peralatan

Do not touch the optical components inside the measurement port with your bare hands, and do not point the measurement end toward a strong light source; do not drop, bump, or crush the device, and avoid exposing the body to water or other liquids.

2.3 Peringatan Keamanan

Jangan mencoba membongkar atau mengganti bagian internal perangkat apa pun. Jika terjadi kerusakan, hubungi layanan pelanggan resmi atau dealer resmi untuk mendapatkan bantuan. Pembongkaran tanpa izin akan membatalkan garansi;

If any liquids, dust, or other substances enter the device, immediately turn off the power, disconnect the charging cable, and contact customer service right away. Do not continue to use the device.

2.4 Lainnya

Untuk hal-hal yang tidak tercakup dalam panduan ini, harap berhati-hati atau hubungi kami.

3. Hardware Operations

3.1 Main Unit and Accessories

After unboxing, you will find the main unit and accessories shown in Figure 3-1.

Jumlah Note
DSCD-950P Main Unit
Adaptor daya
USB cable; if you need to use the software on your computer, you must connect the device to the computer.
RS232-to-USB adapter cable; functions the same as a USB cable; for backup use

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure1

Gambar-3 1

3.2 Introduction to the Host System Architecture

3.2.1 Tampilan Depan

Lihat Gambar 3-2.

Jumlah Note
Power Adapter Connection
RS-232 interface, spare
USB B port: When you need to use the software on your computer, connect the device to your computer using the included USB cable.
USB-A port for connecting a USB flash drive to export test reports
Saklar daya
Measurement button: Press to run the test; this functions the same as the measurement button on the touchscreen.
Touchscreen, adjustable angle
Reflection Measurement Component; see Section 3.3.1 for details
Transmission Measurement Enclosure

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure2

Gambar-3 2

3.2.2 Rear View

Lihat Gambar 3-3.

Jumlah Note
Accessory drawer; press to open. See Section 3.2.3 for details. Note: Accessories inside the drawer may become loose during shipping, preventing the drawer from pulling out properly. Do not use excessive force to pull it out.
The housing lock mechanism prevents the housing from moving when locked; when unlocked, the housing can be pulled open horizontally to use the transmission measurement assembly. For details, see Section 3.3.2.
When using the transmission measurement assembly, unlock the housing lock and pull the housing horizontally away from this point, as shown in Figure 3-4.
If you are not using the transmission measurement module, you can stand the instrument upright to make it easier to use the reflection measurement module; see Figure 3-5.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure3

Gambar-3 3

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure4

Gambar-3 4

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure5

Gambar-3 5

3.2.3 Introduction to Accessories in the Accessories Drawer

Lihat Gambar 3–6.

Jumlah Note
Black cavity; use during calibration
Whiteboard, used for calibration
Green board, used for calibration
Cuvette, used to hold liquid or powdered samples
The reflectance measurement kit includes interchangeable measurement apertures, with a total of four sizes: 6 mm, 11 mm, 18 mm, and 30 mm. One of these is already installed on the instrument, and the other three are stored in the accessory drawer.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure6

Gambar-3 6

3.3 Introduction to the Measurement Components

3.3.1 Reflectance Measurement Components

Lihat Gambar 3-7.

Jumlah Note
Damped spring mount; when pulled out, it allows for easy installation of calibration plates or samples
The measuring aperture is magnetically attached and can be replaced with other sizes depending on the sample size; when taking measurements, ensure that the sample completely covers the measuring aperture.
Sample holder, height-adjustable

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure7

Gambar-3 7

When using the device for the first time, you must calibrate it before taking measurements. The default calibration validity period is 8 hours; that is, recalibration is required after 8 hours have elapsed. Even if 8 hours have not yet passed, you must recalibrate the device as prompted if measurement conditions change—for example, if the measurement orifice is replaced. See Section 4.5.1 for calibration instructions.

3.3.2 Transmission Measurement Assembly

Lihat Gambar 3–8.

Jumlah Note
The transmission measurement aperture is 25 mm; other apertures must be purchased separately. Note: The sample must completely cover the measurement aperture.
Magnetic sample holder; if not needed, it can be removed
③④ For reflection measurements, the optical path used for transmission measurements does not need to be obstructed.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure8

Gambar-3 8

When using a cuvette, install it as shown in Figure 3-9.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure9

Gambar-3 9

When using the spring clip, you can invert the magnetic sample holder and use the spring clip to secure the sample within the measurement aperture, as shown in Figure 3-10.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure10

Gambar-3 10

If the housing cannot be closed after installing a large sample, testing can still proceed normally; however, the calibration procedure must be performed under the same conditions as the test (i.e., the housing must remain open during the calibration phase as well).

When using the device for the first time, you must calibrate it before taking measurements. The default calibration validity period is 8 hours; that is, recalibration is required after 8 hours have elapsed. Even if 8 hours have not yet passed, you must recalibrate the device as prompted or on your own initiative if you notice a change in measurement conditions. See Section 4.5.2 for calibration instructions.

4. Touchscreen Program Operation

4.1 Getting Started and Introduction to the Setup Wizard

After turning on the device, the navigation screen will appear. Follow the on-screen prompts to configure the settings as needed. See Figure 4-1.

Jumlah Note
Run the Setup Wizard at Startup?
Cancel or Exit the Wizard
Click “Next” to proceed to the mode selection screen, as shown in Figure 4-2.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure11

Gambar-4 1
Jumlah Note
For opaque samples, the reflectance measurement mode must be used.
For transparent samples, use the transmission measurement mode.
Click “Next” to proceed to the instrument settings screen, as shown in Figure 4-3.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure12

Gambar-4 2
Jumlah Note
Test Mode Selection: SCI (including specular reflection), SCE (excluding specular reflection), or simultaneous SCI+SCE measurement
UV settings: UV cut-off at 400 nm, UV cut-off at 420 nm, UV cut-off at 460 nm, or UV included
To set the aperture for the reflectance measurement module, simply select “Auto-detect.”
Click “Next” to proceed to the parameter settings screen, as shown in Figure 4-4.

-

-Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure13

Gambar-4 3
Jumlah Note
Light Source and Viewing Angle Settings: You can configure the light source and angle for calculated data. The first light source and angle apply to calculated data in all modes, while the second light source is used only for metamerism calculations (Note: The light source and angle for “Similar Color Search” and “My Colors” are fixed at D65/10°).
Click “Next” to proceed to the tolerance settings screen, as shown in Figures 4-5.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure14

Gambar-4 4

The tolerance settings screen is used to determine whether a sample’s measurement results pass or fail. CIE LAB users can customize the prompt messages here. Click “Next” to proceed to the other settings screen, as shown in Figures 4–6.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure15

Gambar 4–5
Jumlah Note
Default setting; the factory default is single measurement.
Save settings; the factory default is to save manually.
Heating Fixture Settings—This feature is available when a heating fixture is selected.
Naming Convention Settings
Click “Next” to proceed to the template selection screen, as shown in Figure 4-7.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure16

Gambar 4–6
Jumlah Note
Select the parameters to measure and display
Test Results: Preview of Results
Click to complete the wizard

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure17

Gambar-4 7

Introduction to Measurement and Display Parameters:

Parameter Teknis Note
Perbedaan warna CIELABCH, CIEDE2000, CIE94, CMC, HunterLab
Data This mode displays all parameters that the instrument can measure, except for haze and opacity.
Gambar CIE LAB charts, Yxy charts, Luv charts, reflectance/transmittance charts, K/S curves, absorbance curves
Liputan Measuring Opacity Parameters
Chromatic Anomaly Measuring Metamerism Parameters
Warna Cair Measurement of Saybolt, ASTM color, platinum-cobalt color, and Gardner color
Search for Similar Colors Find the color in my color database that most closely matches the current measurement data
Masterbatch warna Designed specifically for color measurement of color masterbatches
Titanium dioksida Designed specifically for measuring the color of titanium dioxide
paste Designed specifically for measuring the color of pastes

Note: The measurement steps may vary depending on the parameter being measured. Please follow the on-screen prompts.

4.2 Introduction to the Main Menu

Lihat Gambar 4–8.

Jumlah Note
Measurement Interface; see Section 4.3 for details
Settings interface; see Section 4.4 for details
Data Viewer interface, used to view and process saved measurement data
My Colors: View saved colors or connect to the internet to view colors in the cloud
My Account, for changing your login password
About, Display Product Information
Instrument Log
Update: Firmware upgrade channel for the instrument’s touchscreen; the software update package is provided by us.
Calibration; Perform calibration proactively. For details, see Section 4.5.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure18

Gambar-4 8

4.3 Introduction to the Measurement Interface

Take the CIELAB color difference measurement interface as an example; see Figure 4-9.

Jumlah Note
Click to return to the main menu
Light Source, Angle
SCI/SCE Status
Reflection/Transmission Mode
UV Status
Reflection Measurement Aperture
Suhu dan Kelembaban Ambient
Reference Sample Measurement Interface
Sample Measurement Interface
Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa
Camera: Click to view the measurement aperture of the reflectance measurement component and the actual condition of the sample.
1 Settings screen: This screen functions the same as the Settings screen in the 4.2 Main Menu; see 4.4 for a detailed description.
Insert the USB flash drive into the instrument’s USB A port, and you can click to export the test report directly to the USB flash drive.
Save the measurement results for the current reference standard or sample to Data Browser or My Colors
3 Measurement button: Functions the same as the mechanical measurement button on the side of the instrument described in Section 3.2.1. Note: To measure color difference, first measure the reference sample, then measure the test sample; the color difference between the test sample and the reference sample will be displayed automatically.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure19

Gambar-4 9

4.4 Introduction to the Settings Interface

Lihat Gambar 4-10.

Jumlah Note
All settings and wizard screens are consistent; see Section 4.1.
Lampu Latar Layar
Tampilan Bahasa
Kembalikan Pengaturan Pabrik
Flip the screen; tap to rotate the display 180°.
Pengaturan Wi-Fi
Time zone settings; these will update automatically once connected to the internet
Click to return to the wizard interface
After making any changes in the settings screen, please click “Apply”; otherwise, the changes will not take effect.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure20

Gambar-4 10

4.5 Introduction to the Calibration Interface

4.5.1 Calibration Procedure for the Reflectance Measurement Assembly

Follow the instructions to perform a black calibration first, as shown in Figure 4-11.

Jumlah Note
Following the on-screen prompts, place the black cavity in the measurement aperture.
Click “Calibrate.” After the black calibration is successful, the white calibration screen will appear, as shown in Figure 4-12.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure21

Gambar-4 11
Jumlah Note
Following the on-screen prompts, place the whiteboard over the measurement aperture.
Click “Calibrate.” Once white calibration is complete, the system will automatically proceed to the green calibration screen, as shown in Figure 4-13.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure22

Gambar-4 12
Jumlah Note
The green-board verification is a step in validating the instrument’s accuracy; it is not a mandatory calibration procedure. For quick daily tests, you can simply click to skip it.
If calibration is required, follow the on-screen prompts and place the green plate securely in the measurement aperture.
Then click “Verify.” If verification is successful, the green plate measurement results will be displayed immediately, as shown in Figure 4-14; Verifying green plate data requires specific measurement conditions. If the conditions are not met, please follow the prompts to adjust the test conditions and try again, as shown in Figure 4-15; if a verification failure is indicated, as shown in Figure 4-16, there may be an issue with the instrument calibration or the measurement. Please check your operating procedures or inspect the black chamber, white plate, or green plate for abnormalities.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure23

Gambar-4 13

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure24

Gambar-4 14

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure25

Gambar-4 15

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure26

Gambar-4 16

4.5.2 Calibration Procedure for the Transmittance Measurement Assembly

Lihat Gambar 4-17.

Jumlah Note
Follow the on-screen prompts and place the whiteboard over the reflection measurement aperture.
No modifications are required at the transmittance measurement aperture; if a cuvette is required for measurement, place a cuvette filled with distilled water at the transmittance measurement aperture during calibration and close the housing.
Click to calibrate; once calibration is complete, the system will proceed directly to the main menu or measurement interface. When calibrating the transmission component, a reflection measurement aperture of a specific size (18 mm) must be installed. If the aperture size does not match, please replace it as prompted and try again; see Figure 4-18;

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure27

Gambar-4 17

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure28

Gambar-4 18

To verify the accuracy of the transmittance measurement, set the measurement parameter to haze to display both haze and transmittance. When measuring an empty cuvette or a cuvette filled with distilled water, the transmittance should be close to 100%.

5. Using the Desktop Software

5.1 Internet Connection and Software Installation

Connect the instrument to the computer using the dedicated USB cable. Copy the software installation package to the computer (Windows 10 is recommended), as shown in Figure 5-1.

Jumlah Note
To install the instrument software, double-click the installer. Once installed, two icons will appear, as shown in Figure 5-2.
RS232-USB Adapter Driver; no installation is required when using a USB cable

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure29

Gambar-5 1
Jumlah Note
Ini adalah perangkat lunak manajemen warna berbayar; Anda tidak wajib menggunakannya.
Double-click to open this software. Once it opens, it will automatically connect to the internet.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure30

Gambar-5 2

5.2 Quick Start Guide for the Software

5.2.1 Introduction to the Software’s Main Interface

Lihat Gambar 5-3.

Jumlah Note
Instrument Information Display
Calibration. Note: The calibration procedures differ between reflection and transmission measurement modes.
Reference Sample Measurement
Pengukuran Sampel
Area Hasil Pengukuran
Save or print the measurement report

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure31

Gambar-5 3

5.2.2 Introduction to the Settings Interface

5.2.2.1 Measurement Parameter Settings Interface

Lihat Gambar 5-4.

Jumlah Note
Selection of Measurement Parameters
After selecting a measurement parameter, click the right-pointing arrow to add it to the list of displayed data items, and it will appear on the measurement screen.
Data items displayed
After selecting a data item, click the left arrow to delete it—it will no longer be displayed on the measurement screen.
Once you’re done, click “Save” and exit.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure32

Gambar-5 4
5.2.2.2 Report Printing Settings Interface

Lihat Gambar 5-5.

Jumlah Note
Pengaturan Cetak
After selecting the print parameters, click the right-pointing arrow to add them to the print data items, which will then be printed on the test report.
Data Fields to Print
After selecting the data items to be printed, click the left arrow to delete them—that is, to exclude them from the test report.
Fill out the test report information
Once you’re done, click “Save” and exit.

Benchtop Spectrophotometer-Figure33

Gambar-5 5

6. Pemeliharaan dan Perawatan Peralatan Harian

6.1 Pembersihan dan Pemeliharaan

6.1.1 Membersihkan Bodi dan Layar

Permukaan Tubuh: Bersihkan debu dan noda dari tubuh dengan kain bersih dan lembut. Untuk noda membandel, usap area tersebut dengan sedikit air. Jangan gunakan deterjen atau cairan korosif lainnya;

Layar: Usap layar dengan lembut menggunakan kain pembersih layar khusus untuk menghindari goresan. Jangan sentuh layar langsung dengan jari Anda. Jika debu menempel pada layar, bersihkan dengan lembut menggunakan sikat bebas serat.

6.1.2 Membersihkan Pelat Kalibrasi

The calibration plate is a standard accessory; surface wear and stains will affect calibration accuracy: Gently wipe the surface of the calibration plate with a lint-free cloth; if there are stubborn stains on the surface of the calibration plate, contact customer service promptly to have it replaced. Do not sand or repair the calibration plate yourself.

6.2 Persyaratan Interval Kalibrasi

To ensure the instrument’s measurement accuracy and operational reliability, it is recommended that it be sent periodically to a qualified third-party metrology laboratory for calibration. The recommended calibration interval is 12 months. Users may determine the specific calibration interval based on frequency of use, environmental conditions, and quality system requirements.

Memecahkan Masalah dan Menyelesaikan Masalah Umum

Gejala Kesalahan Kemungkinan penyebab Prosedur
Calibration Failed A whiteboard was accidentally placed during black calibration; a black chamber was accidentally placed during white calibration; and transmission calibration was not performed according to the instruction diagram. Please refer to Section 4.5. Ensure that the factory-supplied black chamber is used for black calibration and the factory-supplied white board is used for white calibration. For calibration in transmission mode, follow the instructions in the instrument’s diagram.
Kesalahan Pengukuran Tolerance settings may be incorrect Check the tolerance settings and adjust them
Hasil tes abnormal The sample does not fit snugly against the measurement aperture; the sample surface is significantly damaged; in transmission mode, measurements were mistakenly taken using the reflection aperture. Check that the sample fits snugly and completely against the measurement aperture; inspect the sample’s surface to ensure it is undamaged; verify the measurement mode and set the instrument to the appropriate measurement mode.
Caliber Identification Error The measurement orifice plate was not installed; the orifice plate was installed upside down; a non-standard measurement orifice plate was installed. Check whether an aperture plate is placed at the instrument’s reflective measurement aperture; check the orientation of the aperture plate; please use the standard measurement aperture plate.

 

Lampiran & Unduhan

Video

Spektrofotometer Benchtop DSCD-950P (Reflektansi dan Transmitansi) - Video Pengoperasian